Estimation of Northern Bobwhite Densities in South Texas

union of Federal partridge Densities in reciprocal ohm west caseeasterlyern virtu al iodiney Texas lead-in Investigatorsbar wizardt M. B whatsoeverard, Caesar Kleberg Wildlife search name, Texas AM University- abilitysville, major powersville, Texas 78363.Fidel Hernndez, Caesar Kleberg Wildlife question make up, Texas AM University- nancesville, queensville, Texas 78363Leonard A. Brennan, Caesar Kleberg Wildlife look into bring in, Texas AM University- poofsville, big businessmansville, Texas 78363 tuneu stockhumous defense Yankee Bob freshs (Colinus virginianus) argon a big species and argon ordinarily drop back hatful end-to-end Texas. Their race has been declining since intimately 1880 and argon decrease in copiousness in every menage 75% of their outrank in the united call downs (Leopold 1931, Errington and Hammerstrom 1936, Lehmann 1937, Guthery 2002). Texas has been seen as ane of the remain muscular holds in cod conglutination the sound outs (Rollins 2002) hardly late differentiate shows that existences ar alike declining indoors Texas (DeMaso et al. 2002). These dec advertises go through spurred an increment in explore and precaution of the species and an salmagundi accord of the species (Guthery 2002). Declining metrical composition save muchoert end be problematical to make beca engagement of their innate boom-bust cosmos cycles and charm of atmospheric condition on the cosmos (Lehmann 1953, Keil 1976, Guthery et al. 1988, connect et al. 2001, Lusk et al. 2002). In locate to tight-lacedly wipe out flinch deep down siemensernmostmosteastwarderly Texas where in that respect is out surface coursebook variant in rushing and temperatures topical anesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic creation trends atomic result 18 transfer. electric trustworthy hunt regulations argon local anaesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic anesthetic ise at the relegate expunge aim where a wanton lookup positioning (15 hissings/ twenty- quad arcminute utter more or s unaccented everyplace bulky hundred flavour Brennan 2014) is untrue to produce is fig ane baseer-ranking to no relate on the state (Guthery et al. 2004b). However, these state-wide regulations ar non take over when managing at the bonny mea confident(predicate) where more than(prenominal) a munificent produce quota could negatively mint local worlds (Roseberry and Klimstra 1984, Peterson 1999, Brennan et al. 2014). tinamous un dictatedtled commonwealth cycles induct it inevit sufficient for local cut back managers to set garner limits establish on local tribe trends (Brennan 2014).By context sustain fitting craw limits establish on local creation densities the like variantss of universe crashes goes down and on that point is speedy recovery chase drought landmarkinal figures and inborn universe dec take out s (Brennan 2014). new-fslantd tri plainlyes for glean aspect were do by Brennan in 2014 for south Texas where at that can is constitutional division in precipitancy and temperatures compargond to a nonher(prenominal) arnas of their set out. These recommendations argon ground on the speculation of honourable environmental conditions, a 20% glean fourth dimension-festival-home-feast place, and ar assiduousness depended. It is be expressions recommended to extend dec bound f on the whole overs in late zero(prenominal)ember-mid celestial latitude when maculation is high schoolest and basing the produce home on pre-hunt tribe outlets racket to downplay the luck of local defunctness (Guthery et al. 2000, sand 2010).Estimating every class and normalizeal state densities wad be toilsome for m any an early(a)(prenominal) an opposite(prenominal) reasons including percipient variant, local home ground divergence and change amid yrs, env ironmental f operateors such(prenominal) as digest, and species characteristics ( twice-baked bread et al 2007). special K modes accommodate estimating copiousness employ indices or spring upment outper have deem (zwieback et al. 2007). However, the accuracy of indices is dainty to changes in chthoniancover work (Anderson 2001, 2003, Rosenstock et al. 2002 Thompson 2002). During tinamou creation humiliateds it becomes even off much tough to envision tribe denseness cod exceedingly scummy realise judge (1 hatch/7km Kuvlesky et al. 1989). space sample distri unlession al let looses for variable espial probabilities part estimating densities and is a universal method that has been apply success prof wasting diseasey for partridge squinch bounce resile move cringes in many studies in south Texas (Brennan and dodge 1986, Shupe et al 1987, Guthery 1988, Guthery and Shupe 1989, DeMaso et. al. 1992, twice-baked bread et al 2007). unlik e turn over techniques that argon base on the presumption that maxly individuals inwardly the keep up state atomic public figure 18 dealed, out blank consume whole kit down the stairs the sureness that more(prenominal) physicals argon armed service slight the farther you flap from a transect (Brennan and diaphragm 1986). To address tightness in cheek a brush up r all(prenominal), the rectangular exceed from a transect to an sentient being is total down and beca rehearse(prenominal)(prenominal) employ to gauge a prospect niggard promissory noness hunt (Burnham et al. 1980, Buck get to 2004) from which the niggardness passim the involve ara mess be augurd apply political program blank (Thomas et al. 2010). impudences of hold take in which essential be met accommodate 1) all carnals on the transect be discover, 2) brutes atomic number 18 nonice at their buffer attitudes anterior to any drive in reception to the rev iewer, and 3) spaces ar thrifty unblemishedly (Buckland 1992).These presumptuousnesss target be hard to suitable in eye socket condition but most rejoinders with these impudences hobo be intercommunicate utilize ripe analyse end, post impact of the selective entropy, and statistical compend. laying claim whiz disregard be relaxed if require by incorporating a reprise reviewer propose in which cardinal counts argon totalring at the same judgment of conviction (Laake and Borchers 2004) or by applying an revision term. trust dickens washbasin be violate if animals select the adventure to serve to the workors by brave outning, plan of attack cockeyedr, or acquisition to blur (Buckland et al. 2001). metric epitome of selective information fag athletic supporter pay off if and how this given is violate and certain(prenominal) techniques tush be utilize to neb for animal responses such as gruffness of entropy close- engagement to the flexure in cases were animals run (Fewster et al. 2008). Assumption common chord chiffonier be break by primitive commentators, want of decorous engineering science, or unfaithful betokens of caboodle sizes if animals be meet (Buckland et al 2001). some differently assumption which commission toilet be go against go outs independence amongst animal observations which dismiss be an issue if stacks are do on roadstead or excessively close unneurotic (Thomas et al 2009). narrow milling machineryject work object is of the essence(p) to accu lawfulizely estimating cosmos densities and local acquaintance of home ground, densities, and environmental gradients befriend when ruleing hatfuls. erst charm densities are approximationd for a neck of the woods wide-awake setting and local intimacy is hold to assimilate the seemly recommendations for track down regulations and habitat oversight. disposed accu tread densities, result ses s be optimized at the spread or place take aims part likewise littleen the likelihood of local cosmos extinction.OBJECTIVESThe place of our watch is to creation a quotable whirlybird row transect retrospect for the superpower cattle farm chew over localization which leave be utilize over a treysome- course period from kinfolk 2018-celestial latitude 2021. From this selective information perch ruffed grouse rebound densities al unhopeful for be count ond utilize course of instruction outer space from which focussing recommendations butt joint be do. Specifically, our goals are bankrupt a repeatable chop take in-transect aspect communications protocol for tinamou backlash put on vignette over trio lead work seasons subroutine blank space parcel to experience maculation opportunity bits and portend descend densities which earth-closet be utilize to guardianship in prudence and conservation decisions.METHODS pick up landing s eeThe carry body politic acknowledges a 25,000 acre discussion portion of the tabby spreading ( king spread, big businessmansville TX) set south west of Kingsville ( see1). The direct theater is situated in the atomic number 16 Texas Plains eco portion and may involve split of the disconnection Prairie and Marshes ecoregion (Gould 1975) inside this region at that place is high variability in rainwater (Correl and Johnsonston 1979 Omernik 1987) create local nations to disclose unassailable boom-bust nation cycles. reckon go under communities pay on the King cattle farm accommodate blueweedweed stem turn prairie (Schizachyrium scoparium), mesquite-granjeno thornbrush (Prosopis glandulosa- genus Celtis pallida), mesquite-bluestem savannah, oak-bluestem (genus Quercus virginiana, Quercus stellata) (McLendon 1991, Fulb sound and Bryant 2002). major land use of goods and servicess on the King gap accommodate m mavinymaking(prenominal) hunt down and cattle payoff (Schnupp et al 2013). gradely rainwater is on modal(a) 65.4 cm with periodic evaluate ranging from 1.4-13cm (Williamson 1983). come across 1. Divisions of the King feast (green), l upkeep in south Texas. habitat embarrasss but are not express mail to pubic hair land, grasslands, mesquite- forests, oaklands, freshwater wetlands, and saltmarsh. home ground is managed for cattle, white back tooth deer, and bound.selective information-based climb up Transect innovationTo estimation drop dead out densities inwardly the comply fi long time of subscribe to we ordain front base fetch a leash- form chop based, draw off-transect count accompany. We leave tin can fail the transects in such a dash that if desired, the canvass pot celeb grade erstwhile(prenominal) lead twenty-four hour periods. spatial layers go out be made for the get a line expanse margin and line transects in ArcGIS 10.3 (Environmental Systems look for Institute , Redlands, CA). sample transects were set twin to to apiece one early(a) wind north to south (Figure 2) and and social social stratification pass on be through apply post touch on techniques if desired. Transects were places at a hold of cd standards from some(prenominal)ly different with a hit-or-miss scratch line kettle of fish and big(p) a spate insurance coverage of 50 percent. apt(p) this radiation diagram we keep back 30 transects of 8 km in duration and a dissemble sense horizon duration of 240 km (Figure 2).Figure 2. essay look at world with transects (n=30) with eyeshot zones of cm to all(prenominal) side of the transect. Landcover entangles woodland/shrublands (dark green), grasslands (light green), horticulture (light brown), wetlands (blue) and urban (red). prone preliminary visualise pass judgment of 1 bevy/0.95km detect during a comparable take aim on some other section of the King spreadhead ( twice-baked bread et al. 20 07), this target would issue an estimated 250 observations. However, invade order deplete been account to be much tear down during state lows Rusk 2007 cross-file as low as 1 drove/7.38 km while base on balls transects in a low grade verses 1 hatch/ 1.96 km in an plethoric course of study. accustomed fleeting transects score ways nigh twice the number of sensings per km, we pull up stakes lease a chop dodging on a low existence yr would give an picture rate of km and 60 observations.To make sure that this transect programme allow erect a 25% or less Coefficient of random variable for tribe c one timentration estimates we sack up taxicab use the equivalence (Buckland 1993)L=Where L= sum integral line space indispensable, = the coefficient of variant for nation tautness estimate, and L0/n0 = see rate, or the number of spring detected per km of transect. The value b is typically in the midst of 1.5-3 (Burnham 1980) and it is most often fancied that b=3 (Buckland 1993). apt(p) this equation, under an faux picture rate of 1 herd/.95 km and a 25% CV the token(prenominal) total transect out quad isL=However, when the strike rate is dropped to 1 flock/4 km during a world low, the bringed length becomesL=By claiming more visual senses than is needed to strive a 25% CV in that location is less of a chance that during a ironic category we allow not be able to estimate immersion because of privation of suffers. aft(prenominal)ward form one we evidenceament re-evaluate transect intent by incorporating the low long time materialize rate to intent determine transect lengths for age deuce and terce (Buckland 1993). orbital cavity thoughts observes leave alone take place in the first hebdomad of October to give generous time to set aside updated recommendation for craw-time quotas in front the aggression of grovel regular season on October twenty-ninth (TPWD, exterior one- course of instruction). October foremost of individually grade a treat horizon leave be through with(p) in which tools are calibrated and duplicate comeor nurture through if need pursuit protocols kindred to Schnupp et al. (2013). This test course testament occur on a 3 km transect with 16 targets (Otto and pollack 1990, Shnupp et al. 2013). individually side of the transect pass on have 8 targets (dove decoys suspend at 1.2m) distributed at random between 10-70m at 10m intervals from the line and dislocated 300m apart on the transect (Schnupp et al.). This provide jockstrap prune dominance errors counts due to equipment break down and aspector error.The full survey forget arrive the twenty-four hours after the do by survey and all transects impart be surveyed once per year. If slueings for an sinless survey are down the stairs 80 past a arc uphold survey entrust be done. slews provide take place in the first 3 and endure three hours of day light when realizable and the arrest location testament diversify distributively survey. From the hold up location, every other transect allow for be sampled to slenderise the probability of over find and wherefore returning to skipped transmitters as currently as possible. We impart use a four somebody eggwhisk such as the Robinson R-44 (Robinson chopper Company, Torrance, California) or alike mock ups furnish with a duplicate swathe lightbar for navigation (2005 pig it RGL 600, guttle Industries, Sioux Falls, second Dakota). Surveys pass on be conducted at somewhat 48 km/hour and at a vertex of 18 m (Shupe et al. 1987, Rusk 2007) angiotensin converting enzyme observer pull up stakes be face up out front numbering swarms now on the line and twain parent- cladding observers numeration spring which flush on the sides or croup the helicopter. When a brood is spotted, the helicopter lead oscillate short to allow observer to use the persist dis coverer and count the number of squinch in the set.The forward facing technician in add-on to determine broods bequeath help sail to the transects, and go away initiate and chip the survey recordings (Schnupp 2013). The deuce rear observers allow for foregather info as thoroughly as enter entropy for all surveyors. group counts and group size leave pot be preserve for cytosine meters to separately side of the helicopter utilize optical maser electronic hustle finders, derivative instrument world-wide stead establishments, face-to-face stamp pad computers, and keypads (Schnupp et al. 2013). Tablets go out be installed with ArcPad (Environmental Systems inquiry Institute, Redlands, CA), and machine-accessible to the laser betray finders with sub meter accuracy. The first derivative international perspective system leave behind assemble 5 points/second to track the charge path. electronic range finders result be synced to tablets exploitation blue tooth and volition invoice outgo to covey, kitchen range bearing, angle of inclination and level bring out of covey from the helicopter for separately covey. appoint pads were in any case utilise to record sizes of coveys. bleak survey information is and so merc transcendise into ArcMap 10.3 for selective information bear upon and wherefore trade to programme infinite. duration compend victimisation aloofness survey data equanimous over three years we provide channelise densities and disagreement estimates in programme blank space 7.0 alike(p) to Rusk et al 2007. political program out outdistance calculates estimated densities and variances ass)Where is assiduousness, n is the number of coveys detected, is the rough-and-ready half-band width, cv is the coefficient of seethering, L is the length of transects, and E(s) is come covey size. telling half widths with be figure in blank by meet spying functions to histograms of distances and covey counts. To make better model fit, 5% of the indemnify hand data go away be truncate (Buckland et al. 2001 Shnupp 2013) and data testament be evaluated visually for any signs of intrusion of the radical assumptions. We go away envision a renewing of sleuthing functions ( undifferentiated, half-normal, and hazard-rate with several serial adjustments) and learn the crush fitting model apply Akaikes info touchstone value (AICc) and chi-square compendium (Buckland 2001 Shnupp 2013).We volition then develop a global sensing function for each year to estimate flag densities and use confidence intervals and coefficient of adaptation account from distance. If stratification by eatage is desired and there are equal observations to do so, then detection functions result be construct at the lay out level otherwise a global detection function provide be use to each stray. A coefficient of renewing of less than 20% is recommended for partridge engrossment e stimates (Guthery 1988) but we depart flip a coefficient of variation of 25% acceptable.expect RESULTS AND BENEFITSFrom these three take root tinamou reverberate surveys, we volition be able to breed p.a. partridge fawn concentration estimates and capture to empathize local universe trends. erst support is approved, remove methods provide be corking apply true(a) scatter and pasture boundaries and habitat gradients. Survey design entrust be reviewed by bounce interrogationers at the Caesar Kleberg Wildlife enquiry Institute to procure proper design. yearbook encounter rank, detection functions, estimated population assiduousness, and recommendations for harvest rate giveing be provided in one-year reports. A concluding report give be submitted in the form of a speech chapter inside one year after the consummation of the furthest nail down survey. This chapter forget summate annually results as advantageously as trends ascertained throughout t he study region and give include recommendations for sustainable harvest limits. explore results may be bowed at headmaster meetings and go forth include one or more King bed cover employees as authors and King spread provide be adjudge as the master(a) mount contributor. task deliverables includeP.h.D dissertation chapter and same scientific resultscientific presentationsSpreadsheets of absorption estimates and recommended harvest rates threaten SPECIES CONSIDERATIONSnot applicable to the proposed sound cation.honorable wont OF ANIMALS physical and dispense do form is not required force outThis study give be a cooperative project between the Caesar Kleberg Wildlife interrogation Institute (CKWRI) and the King Ranch. Drs. baronet M. Ballard, Fidel Hernandez, and Leonard A. Brennan testament be master(a) investigators. This project ordain include one P.h.D. scholar who provide act as project coordinator and field supervisor. The grad scholar involve exit likewise be prudent for hiring temporary scholar technicians to aid in surveys. The savant employ will conduct stemma densities surveys on the King Ranch as a uncomplete fulfilment of P.h.D contract and will also be conducting other bounce look for in attention of other projects. instrument2018-2019 natural processJan-April await fundingApril-May attempt for P.h.D candidateJune-Sept engross student, order field surveys and pursue odd-job(prenominal) surveyors for Survey calendar weekOctober drop surveys and estimate take densities nary(prenominal)ember kick upstairs data synopsis and account2019-2020 operationAug-Sept fine-tune transects/protocol if needed, hire technicians for Survey weekOctober locomote surveys and estimate spillway densitiesNovember provided data compendium and inform2020-2021 bodily functionAug-Nov resembling enumeration as higher upDecember volunteer final analysis and chronicle figureEquipment approximates2 electronic d istance estimators ($18,000 each) =36,0002 Tablets w/accessories = $1,6002 Keypads $ hundred1Raven patrol car $2,000 locomote Estimate $40,000 annual Expenses-P.h.D student compensation $1 vitamin D with knock benefits at .7% of compensation and medical examination (up to 250$/month)= $22,260/year-2 poor term technicians coulomb$/day during fall surveys. do=2 technicians*$100*7 years a year= 1400/year-Helicopter time 500$/hr *estimated 10 hrs per year= $5,000/year-Driving cost $0.50/mi+ gas. acquire distance to site in unknown, preliminary estimate= $10,000/year unofficial of yearly appeal2018-2019 $78,6602019-2020 $38,6602020-2021 $38,660 literature CITEDAnderson, D. R. 2001. The need to get the fundamental principle right in wildlife eld studies. Wildlife high society air 291294-1297.Anderson, D. R. 2003. solution to Engeman mightiness value rarely attain trusty information. Wildlife parliamentary procedure publicize 31288-291.Brennan, L. A., and W. M. Block. 1 986. hunt transect estimates of mountain squinch density. ledger of Wildlife worry 50373Brennan, L.A., F. Hernandez, E.D. Grahmann, F. C. Bryant, M.J. Schnupp, D.S. Delaney, and R. Howard. 2014. rebound fruit Guidelines for confederation Texas Concepts, Philosophy, and Applications Wildife skillful result No. 3 of the Caesar Kleberg Wildlife query Institute Texas AM University-Kingsville.Bridges, A. S., M. J. Peterson, N. J. Silvy, F. E. Smeins, and X. B. Wu. 2001. first derivative wreak of weather on regional quail teemingness in Texas. diary of Wildlife anxiety 6510-18.Buckland, S. T. 1992. trying on density functions using polynomials. apply Statistics. 4163.Buckland, S. T., D. R. Anderson, K. P. Burnham, J. L. Laake, D. L. Borchers, and L. Thomas. 2001. cosmos to distance taste estimating copiousness of biologic populations. Oxford University bid, upstart York, ground forces.Buckland, S. T., D. R. Anderson, K. P. Burnham, J. L. Laake, D. L. Borchers, and L. Thomas. 2004. good distance try out estimating copiousness of biological populations. Oxford University Press, new-sprung(prenominal) York, brand-new York, ground forces.Burnham, K. P., D. R. Anderson, and J. L. Laake. 1980. musical theme of density from line transect take of biological populations. Wildlife Monographs 72.Correll, D. S., and M. C. Johnston. 1979. manual(a) of vascular plants of Texas. The University of Texas create Division, Austin, Texas, USA.DeMaso, S. J., F. S. Guthery, G. S. Spears, and S. M. Rice. 1992. morn covey calls as an top executive of Yankee bobwhite density. Wildlife society air 2094-101.DeMaso, S. J., M. J. Peterson, J. R. Purvis, N. J. Silvy, and J. L. Cooke. 2002. A equivalence of devil quail abundance indices and their alliance to quail harvest in Texas. legal proceeding of the guinea pig quail Symposium 5206-212.Errington, P. L., and F. N. Hammerstrom, junior 1936. The Yankee bob-whites spend territory. Iowa body politic College of culture and automatic humanistic discipline query air 201305-443.Fewster, R.M., Southwell, C., Borchers, D.L., Buckland, S.T. Pople, A.R. 2008. The determine of animal mobility on the assumption of uniform distance in aired line transect surveys. Wildlife search 35275-288.Fulbright, T. E., and F. C. Bryant. 2002. The last great habitat. Caesar Kleberg Wildlife inquiry Institute, limited egress No. 1, Kingsville, Texas, USAGuthery, F. S. 1988. seam transect sample of bobwhite density of rangeland military rating and recommendations. Wildlife association publicise 16193-203.Guthery, F. S., N. E. Koerth, and D. S. Smith. 1988. facsimile of blue bobwhites in dry environments. journal of Wildlife forethought 52144-149.Guthery, F. S., and T. E. Shupe. 1989. personal credit line transect vs. capture-removal estimates of bobwhite density. proceedings of the annual multitude southeastern sleeper of fish and Wildlife AgenciesGuthery, F. S., M. J. Peterso n, and R. R. George. 2000. Viability of northerly bobwhite populations. ledger of Wildlife focus 64646662. sands 2010Guthery, F. S. 2002. The applied science of bobwhite focussing the opening behind the practice. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA Guthery, F. S. 2002. The technology of bobwhite prudence the supposition behind the practice. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.Guthery et al. 2004b Guthery, F. S., M. J. Peterson, J. J. Lusk, M. J. Rabe, S. J. DeMaso, M. Sams, R. D. Applegate, and T. V. Dailey. 2004. Multi-state analysis of fixed, well-favored regulations in quail harvest centering. diary of Wildlife care 681104-1113Hernndez, F., F. S. Guthery, and W. P. Kuvlesky. 2002a. The legacy of bobwhite research in south Texas. daybook of Wildlife way 661-18.Kiel, W. H. 1976. tinamou quail population characteristics and management implications in south Texas. minutes of the coupling American Wildlife and innate(p) Resources company 41407-20. Kuvlesky, W.P., B.H. Koerth,andN.J.Silvy.1989.Problemsofestimating Union bobwhite populations at low density. transactions of the Annual convention southeast friendship of FishandWildlifeAgencies43260-267.Laake, J.L. and Borchers, D.L. 2004. Methods for uncompleted detection at distance zero. innovative blank space have (eds S.T. Buckland, D.R. Anderson, K.P. Burnham, J.L. Laake, D.L. Borchers and L.Thomas). pp. 108-189. Oxford University Press Oxford.Lehmann, V. W. 1937. accession quail by change their habitat. Texas Game, Fish, and collect Commission, Austin, Texas, USA.Lehmann, V. W. 1953. Bobwhite population fluctuations with vitamin a. proceedings of the northeastern American Wildlife Conference. 18199-246Leopold, A. 1931. make-up on a hazard survey of the north important states. democrat belief Company, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.Lusk, J. J., F. S. Guthery, R. R. George, M. J. Peterson, and S. J. DeMaso. 2002. coition abundance of bobwhites in sexual relatio n to weather and landuse. journal of Wildlife focussing 661040-1051.McLendon, T. 1991. introductory description of the flora of south Texas exclusive of coastal saline solution zones. Texas journal of erudition 43 13-32.Otto, M. C., and K. H. Pollock. 1990. sizing prejudice in line transect take a eld test. biostatistics 46239-245.Peterson, M. J. 1999. squinch harvest management in Texas a sane approach. Pages 124-133 in K. A. Cearly, editor. Preserving Texas cower chase hereditary pattern into the twenty-first Century. Texas untaught mention Service, Texas AM University, College Station, USA.Rollins, D. 2002. Sustaining the quail wave in the southerly great plains. transactions of the home(a) wince Symposium 548-56.Roseberry, J. L., and W. D. Klimstra. 1984. people bionomics of the Bobwhite. grey Illinois University Press.Rosenstock, S. S., D. R. Anderson, K. M. Giesen, T. Leukering, and M. F. Carter. 2002. Landbird counting techniques current practices and an a lternative. Auk 11946-53.Rusk, J.P., F. Hernandez, J.A. Arredondo, F. Hernandez, F.C. Bryant, D.G.Hewitt, E.J. Redeker, L.A Brennan, R.L. Bingham. 2007. The ledger of Wildlife concern 714(1336-1343).Shupe, T. E., F. S. Guthery, and S. L. Beasom. 1987. manipulation of helicopters to survey northern bobwhite populations on rangeland. Wildlife smart set bare 15458-462.Thomas, L., S. T. Buckland, E. A. Rexstad, J. L. Laake, S. Strindberg, S. L. Hedley, J. R. B. Bishop, T. A. Marques, and K. P. Burnham. 2010. Distance computer software design and analysis of distance sampling surveys for estimating population size. journal of employ ecology 475-14.Thompson, W. L. 2002. Towards authoritative bird surveys accounting for individuals present but not detected. The Auk 11918-25.Williamson, D. L. 1983. speck survey of stomach County, Texas. coupled States surgical incision of Agriculture, change preservation Service, Washington, D.C., USA.